Social security
02 April 2026

The Court of Justice of the European Union clarifies how to determine the applicable social security regime for cross-border workers

When a worker is active in several countries, the social security system of the country in which they carry out a substantial part of their work applies, in principle.The Court of Justice of the European Union specifies that to determine which social security system applies, all activities must be taken into account, including those carried out in third countries.

Facts 

An employee is domiciled in Germany. He works for a company established in Switzerland. He carries out his work in Switzerland, in Germany (via telework) and in third countries. 

In this context, which social security system applies to this worker? Under European law, if the worker performs a “substantial part” of their work in their country of residence, the German social security system applies. If this is not the case, the applicable legislation is that of the country in which the company has its registered office or place of business. 

practice, substantial activity is deemed to exist where at least 25% of the worker’s work and/or remuneration is attributable to the country of residence. 

The worker applies to the competent German institution to determine the applicable legislation. The institution considers that German legislation applies because the 25% threshold is met in Germany. 

The worker challenges this. He argues that all of his activities must be taken into account, including those carried out in third countries, which reduces the proportion of his work performed in Germany. The dispute is brought before the German courts. The appellate court refers the matter to the Court of Justice of the European Union. 

CJEU’s Decision 

The Court ruled that, in order to assess whether a substantial part of the activity is carried out in the country of residence, all of the worker’s activities must be taken into account, including those carried out in third countries. 

The Court bases its reasoning on both the text of the regulations and their purpose, namely, to ensure the coordination of national social security systems in order to guarantee the effective exercise of the free movement of persons within the Union. 

The Court notes that the concept of a “substantial part” of the exercise of an activity implies a comprehensive assessment of the professional activity. No provision expressly limits this analysis to activities carried out in Member States alone. 

In this case, taking into account the activities carried out in third countries leads to the conclusion that the 25% threshold is not met in the State of residence. The applicable legislation is therefore that of the State in which the employer is established, in this instance Switzerland. 

Takeaway 

To determine the applicable social security legislation when a worker performs work in multiple countries, all of their activities must be taken into account, including those carried out in third countries. 

This interpretation makes it more difficult to reach the 25% threshold in the country of residence. It may result in the legislation of the country where the employer’s registered office or place of business is located being applied more frequently. 

Source: CJEU, December 11, 2025, C-743/23. 


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